Análisis microbiológico a corto y largo plazo del material usado para esterilizar instrumental odontológico / Short and long-term microbiological analysis of the material for sterilize dental instruments

Introducción: el material para empaquetar el instrumental odontológico, como pueden ser bolsas de tela, papel o plástico, es usado por profesionales de la salud; sin embargo, es necesario esclarecer la efectividad de cada uno y determinar el tiempo que permanece estéril luego del procedimiento. Objetivo: identificar la eficacia de tela, plástico y papel como materiales para esterilizar instrumental a corto y largo plazo. Material y métodos: se realizaron cultivos sólidos y líquidos de instrumental esterilizado en tres materiales y con diferentes tiempos de postesterilización. Se incubaron a 36 oC por 72 horas en condiciones aerobias y anaerobias. Los resultados se analizaron usando una prueba de Kruskal-Wallis, seguida de una prueba de Dunn. Resultados: los resultados mostraron que inmediatamente después del proceso de esterilización, los tres materiales son efectivos (Kruskal-Wallis test, p = 0.2752), 24 horas (p = 0.2492), siete (p = 0.0509) y 14 días (p = 0.0006). Veinticuatro horas posterior a la esterilización la tela no es efectiva, el plástico disminuye su efectividad y el papel sigue siendo efectivo. Conclusión: en nuestros resultados, el papel es la mejor opción para esterilizar instrumental (AU)

Introduction: material such as cloth, paper or plastic bags to wrap dental instruments is used by health professionals, however, it is necessary to clarify the effectiveness of each one and determine if it remains sterile after the procedure. Objective: to determine the effectiveness of cloth, plastic and paper as materials to sterilize dental instruments in the short and long term. Material and methods: we carry out solid and liquid cultures of sterilized instruments in three materials, at different post-sterilization times, incubated at 36 oC for 72 hours under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, and the results were analyzed using a Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by from a Dunn's test. Results: our results showed that immediately after the sterilization process the three materials are effective (Kruskal-Wallis; p = 0.2752), 24 hours (p = 0.2492), 7 (p = 0.0509) and 14 (p = 0.0006) days. Twenty-four hours after the cloth is not effective, plastic decreases its effectiveness and paper remain effective. Conclusion: in our results, paper is the best option to sterilize dental instruments (AU)

Maintenance of sterility in SMS packaging in dental environments: concern with biosafety

Healthcare services must be guided by biosafety practices and microbial control. This control is highly influenced by humidity, which directly impacts the maintenance of sterility of the materials used in the appointments. High concentration of moisture, in the form of aerosol, splashes and spills, is caused during dental care. During the COVID-19 times the contamination by aerosol and droplets worries greatly. Considering that it could cause harm to the sterility of an autoclaved material, especially in dental environments, the objective was to evaluate the behavior of SMS sterilization packages (Spunbonded / Meltblown / Spunbonded) against microbial penetration in an aqueous vehicle. SMS of three brands were challenged, equally divided into two groups: virgin and processed (subjected to a single autoclaving cycle). Each specimen was aseptically deposited on Macconkey agar. Subsequently, 5 µL of Escherichia coliATCC 25922 saline solution [108CFU mL-1] was deposited in center of the SMS specimen and the dish incubated at36°C/ 48h. Reading was performed by the presence or absence of bacterial growth typical of the species under the SMS, observed on the back of Petri dish. The lowest penetration rate observed was 60% for one of the brands in the virgin condition, and 75% for two brands in the processed condition. Statistical analysis showed an association between bacterial penetration and the evaluated group, this association being valid only in the virgin condition. The different SMS behave similarly in terms of resistance to bacterial penetration after being processed. The data show that moisture can assist in bacterial transport through sterilized SMS. Therefore, SMS packages are not able to prevent bacterial penetration, and possibly other microorganisms, when in aqueous vehicles, offering a potential risk of breaking the aseptic chain. Thus, care must be taken in routines for handling and storage sterile packaging.

Use of microalgal biomass as functional ingredient for preparation of cereal based extrudates: impact of processing on amino acid concentrations and colour degradation kinetics

Abstract Suitability of developing Spirulina incorporated cereal based low cost nutritious extrudates was analysed against extrusion processing parameters. Most significant extrusion processing parameters considered for present study were feed moisture (20-25%), die temperature (100-120 °C) and screw speed (50-100 rpm). Different extrusion conditions were used to obtain most acceptable rice: Spirulina blend extrudates. In present study before extrusion processing different additives (citric acid and sodium bicarbonate) were added in rice: Spirulina blend and checked its effect on colour degradation kinetics at varied packaging and storage conditions. Higher screw speed (100 rpm) indicating less residence time of feed material inside the barrel resulted in higher colour retention of rice: Spirulina (97:03) blend extrudates. Kinetics for rice: Spirulina (97:03) blend extrudates indicates faster rate of colour degradation in terms of lightness (half-life of 4 days) when packed in metalized polyethylene at 50°C with 65% relative humidity. Increased concentration of Spirulina (1-3%) in raw formulations resulted in increase in concentration of all amino acids. Impact of extrusion processing has shown non-significant (p ≤ 0.05) effect on amino acid concentrations of rice: Spirulina blend extrudates. Also, all the spirulina added samples showed good consumer acceptability with the score of 6.7

Influência do tipo do óleo nas propriedades físicas de oleogéis / Influence of oil type on the oleogels physical properties

A crescente rejeição às gorduras saturadas e trans em decorrência de sua associação com doenças cardiovasculares, entre outras desordens metabólicas de diversas naturezas, tem impulsionado o desenvolvimento de alternativas às gorduras tradicionalmente utilizadas nos processamentos de alimentos. Contudo, o grande desafio reside em conferir funcionalidade tecnológica a lipídios ricos em ácidos graxos insaturados, sendo os oleogéis uma abordagem viável e promissora. Os oleogéis são sistemas constituídos por uma base lipídica composta por óleo no estado líquido estruturada por uma rede tridimensional de moléculas com solubilidade limitada em óleos, chamadas de agentes estruturantes. Estudos recentes relataram a influência do tipo de óleo no processo de formação da rede tridimensional de agentes estruturantes e concluíram que o tamanho da cadeia, a polaridade e a viscosidade do óleo podem afetar grandemente a estrutura do oleogel. Diante disto, o objetivo deste estudo é investigar a influência do tipo de óleo em sua estruturação por cera de candelilla, relacionando as propriedades físicas dos oleogéis formados com diversas características físico-químicas dos óleos que os compõem. Para avaliar esta influência, foram selecionadas bases lipídicas de diferentes composições, como triacilgliceróis de cadeia média (MCT), óleo de girassol alto oleico (HOSO), óleo de girassol (SFO), óleo de linhaça (LSO) e os óleos unicelulares ARASCO e DHASCO, para serem estruturados com cera de candelilla nas concentrações de 1,5, 3,0 e 6,0%. De acordo com as correlações de Pearson estabelecidas, houve uma correlação muito forte (r2 =0,948) entre a firmeza e o conteúdo de ácidos graxos saturados dos óleos, o que pode estar relacionado a uma co-cristalização entre a cera e os ácidos graxos saturados, formando uma estrutura mais firme. Uma correlação forte também foi estabelecida entre o tamanho médio das cadeias de ácidos graxos dos óleos, definido pelo índice de saponificação, e a firmeza dos oleogéis (r2 =0,864). A densidade dos óleos também apresentou correlação forte com a firmeza dos oleogéis (r2 =0,858), assim como a viscosidade apresentou uma forte correlação negativa (r2 = -0,818), o que indica que os óleos mais densos e menos viscosos produzem oleogéis mais firmes. Tanto a cera de candelilla pura quanto os oleogéis apresentaram forma polimórfica ß', que equivale à subcélula ortorrômbica, que demonstra que os diferentes óleos não modificaram a microestrutura da rede de cera de candelilla. Os diferentes tipos de óleo exerceram influência sobre o comportamento de fusão dos oleogéis, fator que permitiu associá-lo a um maior conteúdo de gordura sólida a 20 °C e a um maior teor de triacilgliceróis trissaturados, como nos óleos DHASCO e ARASCO. O grau de insaturação dos óleos influenciou o empacotamento da rede estrutural dos oleogéis, o que foi revelado pela menor perda de óleo nos oleogéis com cadeias mais longas, se comparados ao MCT. Por fim, este trabalho contribuiu com a expansão do conhecimento dos sistemas chamados oleogéis, sugerindo que trabalhos futuros pautem as escolhas de matéria-prima para formulação dos oleogéis nas propriedades de seus componentes. Desta forma, maiores avanços poderão ser alcançados nas pesquisas de sistemas coloidais e consequentemente no desenvolvimento de sistemas de alta qualidade nutricional e, ao mesmo tempo, funcionalidade tecnológica adequada

The growing rejection of saturated and trans fats as a result of their association with cardiovascular diseases, among other metabolic disorders of various kinds, has driven the development of alternative systems to substitute fats traditionally used in food processing. However, the big challenge lies in providing technological functionality to lipids rich in unsaturated fatty acids, with oleogels being a viable and promising approach. Oleogels are systems made up of a lipid base composed of oil in a liquid state structured by a threedimensional network of molecules with limited solubility in oils, called oleogelators. Recent studies have reported the influence of the oil type in the formation process of the threedimensional network of oleogelators and concluded that the fatty acid chain length, the polarity and the viscosity of the oil can greatly affect the structure of the oleogel. In view of this, the objective of this study is to investigate the influence of the oil type in its structuring by candelilla wax, relating the physical properties of the formed oleogels with several physicochemical characteristics of the oils that compose them. To evaluate this influence, lipid bases of different compositions were selected, such as medium chain triglycerides (MCT), high oleic sunflower oil (HOSO), sunflower oil (SFO), linseed oil (LSO) and ARASCO and DHASCO single-cell oils, to be structured with candelilla wax in concentrations of 1.5, 3.0 and 6.0% (w/w). According to the Pearson correlations established, there was a very strong correlation (r2 = 0.948) between the firmness and the saturated fatty acid content of the oils, which may be related to a co-crystallization between the wax and the saturated fatty acids, forming a firmer structure. A strong correlation was also established between the average size of the fatty acid chains of the oils, defined by the saponification value, and the oleogel firmness (r2 = 0.864). The density of the oils also showed a strong correlation with the firmness of the oleogels (r2 = 0.858), as well as the viscosity, which showed a strong negative correlation (r2 = -0.818), indicating that oils with higher density and lower viscosity produce firmer oleogels. Both pure candelilla wax and oleogels presented the ß' polymorphic form, which is equivalent to the orthorhombic subcell, demonstrating that the different oils did not modify the microstructure of the candelilla wax network. The different types of oil influenced the melting behavior of oleogels, a factor that allowed it to be associated with a higher solid fat content at 20 °C and a higher content of trisaturated triacylglycerols, as in DHASCO and ARASCO oils. The degree of unsaturation of the oils influenced the packaging of the structural network of oleogels, which was revealed by the higher oil binding capacity in oleogels with longer chains, compared to MCT. Finally, this work contributed to the expansion of knowledge of oleogel systems, suggesting that future work will guide the choices of raw material for formulating oleogels in the properties of their components. Thus, greater advances can be achieved in the research of colloidal systems and, consequently, in the development of high nutritional quality systems allied to adequate technological functionality

Segurança do paciente: embalagens, acondicionamento e tempo de guarda de materiais esterilizados na atenção básica / Seguridad del paciente: envases, acondicionamiento y tiempo de guarda de materiales / Safety: packages, packing and storage period of sterilized materials in primary care

RESUMO As unidades básicas de saúde possuem grande demanda de procedimentos médicos, de enfermagem e odontológicos, dos quais dependem a segurança da assistência e do paciente. O objetivo deste estudo foi compreender como enfermeiros, técnicos, auxiliares em enfermagem e auxiliares de consultório dentário procedem no cuidado com embalagens, acondicionamento e tempo de guarda de materiais esterilizados nas unidades de saúde da atenção básica. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de caráter descritivo e exploratório, com abordagem qualitativa. Os participantes da pesquisa foram enfermeiros, técnicos de enfermagem e auxiliares de consultório dentário, atuantes em unidades básicas de saúde de três cidades do interior do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Os dados foram produzidos por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas realizadas nos meses de outubro e dezembro de 2015 e submetidos a análise de conteúdo. Evidenciou-se que os serviços estudados carecem de estruturação, organização e definição de processos no que tange o tipo de embalagem e o acondicionamento de artigos críticos. Conclui-se que a assistência aos usuários, no que se refere a procedimentos que utilizam materiais esterilizados, está exposta a riscos, fragilizando a segurança do paciente, evidenciando a necessidade de capacitação continua dos profissionais.

RESUMEN Las unidades básicas de salud poseen gran demanda de procedimientos médicos, de enfermería y odontológicos, de los cuales depende la seguridad de la atención y del paciente. El objetivo de este estudio fue comprender cómo enfermeros, técnicos, auxiliares en enfermería y auxiliares de consultorio dentario proceden en el cuidado con envases, acondicionamiento y tiempo de guarda de materiales esterilizados en las unidades de salud de la atención básica. Se trata de una investigación de carácter descriptivo y exploratorio, con abordaje cualitativo. Los participantes de la investigación fueron enfermeros, técnicos de enfermería y auxiliares de consultorio dentario, actuantes en unidades básicas de salud de tres ciudades del interior del Estado de Rio Grande do Sul-Brasil. Los datos fueron producidos por medio de entrevistas semiestructuradas realizadas en los meses de octubre y diciembre de 2015 y sometidos al análisis de contenido. Se evidenció que los servicios estudiados carecen de estructuración, organización y definición de procesos con relación al tipo de envase y el acondicionamiento de artículos críticos. Se concluye que la atención a los usuarios, en lo que se refiere a procedimientos que utilizan materiales esterilizados, está expuesta a riesgos, fragilizando la seguridad del paciente, evidenciando la necesidad de capacitación continua de los profesionales.

ABSTRACT The basic health units have great demand for medical, nursing and dentistry procedures, on which the security of the assistance and the patient depends. The objective of this study was to understand how nurses, nursing technicians, assistants and dental office assistants proceed in managing packaging, guard and distribution of sterile materials in the health units of the primary care. This is a descriptive and exploratory research, with a qualitative approach. The participants of the research were nurses, nursing technicians and assistants of dental office operating in basic health units of three cities in the State of Rio Grande do Sul. The data were generated through semi-structured interviews between October and December 2015 and assessed through content analysis. One evidenced that the studied services lack structure, organization and process definition with regard to the packaging of critical objects. The conclusion is that the assistance to users with respect to procedures using sterile materials are exposed to risks, weakening the patient's safety, emphasizing the need for continuous training of professionals.